Always verify and never trust, is the principle with which zero trust operates. It requires users, devices and connections to continuously verify identities and permissions.

Zero Trust Security Model: Complete Guide to Implementation in 2025


80% of breaches exploit privileged credentials, a statistic that should make every organization rethink its security strategy. In 2025, as cloud sprawl, AI-driven cyber threats, and hybrid workforces redefine the attack surface, relying on traditional PAM solutions with standing privileges is a ticking time bomb.

Here comes Zero Trust PAM (ZTPAM) , an advanced security model that verifies every user, enforces Just-in-Time (JIT) access, and continuously monitors privileged sessions. No one is inherently trusted, access is granted only when absolutely necessary, and every action is tracked to prevent privilege abuse before it happens.

This blog breaks down why Zero Trust PAM is essential, how it stops modern threats, and the step-by-step process to implement it. Because when it comes to securing privileged access, hesitation is no longer an option.

### What Is Zero Trust? A Simple Guide {#what-is-zero-trust}

Zero Trust is a security model that enforces continuous verification of users and devices before granting access to enterprise resources. Unlike traditional perimeter-based security, where users inside the network are inherently trusted, [Zero Trust Security](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/zero-trust-security-model/) follows the principle of **"never trust, always verify"**, ensuring that every access request is authenticated and monitored.

In traditional security, once inside the network, an attacker can move laterally and access critical data. [Zero Trust Architecture](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/what-is-zero-trust-architecture/) mitigates this risk by enforcing strict authentication, access controls, and real-time monitoring, regardless of the user’s location.

When comparing Zero Trust vs PAM, PAM ([Privileged Access Management](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/what-is-privileged-access-management-pam/)) controls privileged accounts, while Zero Trust enforces continuous authentication and monitoring for all users, including privileged ones. A Zero Trust PAM solution strengthens privileged access by minimizing standing privileges and enforcing just-in-time access, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and continuous monitoring to prevent unauthorized access and security breaches.

One of the key principles of Zero Trust PAM is the elimination of standing privileges, which refers to permanent, unrestricted access to privileged accounts. [Zero standing privileges (ZSP)](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/zero-standing-privileges-zsp/) ensures that privileged access is granted only when needed and for a limited time. By using JIT access, users request temporary, purpose-based access, reducing the risk of credential misuse, insider threats, and privilege escalation attacks.

**With Zero Standing Privileges, organizations can:**

- Prevent attackers from exploiting dormant admin accounts.
- Reduce insider threats by ensuring access is granted only when necessary.
- Enforce stronger compliance by maintaining a strict access audit trail.

### What is Privileged Access Management (PAM)? {#what-is-privileged-access-management-pam}

[Privileged Access Management (PAM)](https://www.miniorange.com/products/privileged-access-management-pam) is a cybersecurity strategy designed to protect sensitive data and critical systems from unauthorized access. It leverages a combination of technology, processes, and people to monitor, control, and [restrict privileged account access](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/what-are-privileged-accounts/), ensuring that only authorized users can perform high-risk actions.

A [PAM solution](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/pam-solutions/) enforces strict access controls, session monitoring, and credential security to prevent privilege misuse and data breaches. By continuously verifying user identities and limiting privileged access to only what is necessary, PAM reduces the risk of cyber threats, insider attacks, and system-wide compromises.

### The Role of PAM in Zero Trust {#rol-of-pam-in-zero-trust}

Privileged Access Management (PAM) is essential in a Zero Trust strategy, ensuring secure access to critical IT infrastructure. Without a Zero Trust PAM solution, enforcing strict access controls across privileged accounts remains incomplete.

PAM applies Zero Trust principles such as [least privilege access](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/principle-of-least-privilege-polp/), continuous monitoring, risk-based access control, and session management to regulate privileged account usage. By implementing Zero Trust PAM, organizations can enforce strict access policies, track privileged activity in real time, and reduce security risks associated with over-privileged accounts.

In a hybrid workforce, where access requirements constantly evolve, PAM Zero Trust ensures privileged access is granted based on continuous authentication, contextual risk assessment, and strict session controls, strengthening security across the enterprise.

### Traditional PAM vs. Zero Trust PAM {#traditional-vs-zero-trust-pam}

| Feature                       | Traditional PAM                                            | Zero Trust PAM                                                                             |
| ----------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Access Control                | Grants standing privileges, leading to potential misuse.   | Implements Just-in-Time (JIT) access, revoking privileges after use.                       |
| Authentication                | One-time authentication at login.                          | Enforces continuous authentication with risk-based policies.                               |
| Privileged Session Monitoring | Limited monitoring, primarily for logging.                 | Real-time monitoring, with session recording and instant termination.                      |
| Threat Detection              | Reactive approach with manual reviews.                     | Automated risk analysis, identifying and blocking threats proactively.                     |
| Adaptive Security             | Fixed access policies with minimal flexibility.            | Uses adaptive MFA to dynamically enforce security based on user behavior and risk level.   |
| User & Device Risk Assessment | Lacks continuous risk assessment for users and devices.    | Continuously monitors user activity and device security posture to enforce access control. |
| Automation & Response         | Requires manual intervention for access revocation.        | Automates access revocation, session termination, and policy enforcement.                  |
| Third-Party Access Control    | Provides basic access control for vendors and contractors. | Applies Zero Trust principles to third-party users, ensuring strict access governance.     |

### Why Zero Trust PAM Matters in 2025 {#why-zero-trust-pam-matters-in-2025}

As cyber threats become more sophisticated, traditional security models are no longer enough to protect privileged accounts. Zero Trust PAM enforces continuous authentication, least privilege access, and real-time monitoring, making it essential for organizations in 2025.

Real-World Risks Driving the Need for Zero Trust PAM

- **Privileged Credential Theft:** Attackers often target admin and service accounts to gain unauthorized access. Zero Trust PAM removes standing privileges, reducing the risk of exploitation.
- **Insider Threats:** Employees and contractors with excessive access can pose security risks. [Just-in-Time (JIT) access](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/just-in-time-privileged-access) ensures users only get temporary permissions when needed.
- **Remote Access Vulnerabilities:** In hybrid work environments, Zero Trust Remote PAM secures access from unmanaged devices using adaptive MFA and continuous verification.
- **Compliance & Regulations:** Organizations must meet security standards like ISO 27001, NIST, and [GDPR](https://www.miniorange.com/compliances/gdpr). Zero Trust PAM automates audit logs and enforces strict access policies to ensure compliance.
- **Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs):** Cybercriminals use sophisticated tactics to maintain unauthorized access. [Privileged session monitoring](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/privileged-session-monitoring) and risk-based authentication detect and block threats in real-time.

[![PAM Governance and Compliance](/blog/assets/2024/miniorange-pam-compliance.webp)](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/resources/privileged-access-management-compliance)

### How to Implement Zero Trust PAM: 5 Practical Steps {#how-to-implement-zero-trust-pam}

Implementing Zero Trust PAM requires a structured approach to eliminate standing privileges, enforce strict access controls, and continuously monitor privileged activity. Here’s how organizations can adopt Zero Trust principles in PAM effectively:

1. **Audit Privileged Access:** Identify and assess all privileged accounts, roles, and access levels. Remove excess privileges and ensure each user has only the minimum access required for their role.
2. **Enforce Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA):** Secure privileged accounts by [implementing adaptive MFA](https://www.miniorange.com/products/adaptive-multi-factor-authentication-mfa), requiring multiple verification layers before granting access. Adjust authentication methods based on user behavior and risk factors.
3. **Apply Least Privilege Access:** Implement Just-in-Time (JIT) access to grant temporary, need-based privileged access instead of standing permissions. Define strict policies to prevent over privileged accounts.
4. **Monitor Privileged Sessions:** Track all privileged activities in real time with [session monitoring](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/privileged-session-management), recording, and automated alerts. Detect anomalies and unauthorized actions to prevent security breaches.
5. **Adapt & Continuously Improve:** Regularly update access policies based on threat intelligence, user behavior, and compliance requirements. Ensure security measures evolve with emerging risks and attack patterns.

![How to Implement Zero Trust PAM](/blog/assets/2025/how-to-implement-zero-trust-pam.webp)

### Zero Trust PAM vs. ZTNA vs. PIM: What’s the Difference? {#zero-trust-pam-vs-ztna-vs-pim}

| Category                 | Zero Trust PAM                                                                                                                                   | ZTNA (Zero Trust Network Access)                                                                                               | PIM (Privileged Identity Management)                                                                                                                           |
| ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Focus                    | Manages privileged accounts with Zero Trust principles like Just-in-Time (JIT) access, session monitoring, and continuous authentication.        | Enforces strict access controls across the entire network, verifying users and devices before granting access to any resource. | Controls individual identities and their access privileges, managing access dynamically based on user roles and risk assessment.                               |
| Scope                    | Limited to privileged users such as IT admins, executives, and service accounts.                                                                 | Applies to all users and devices, requiring continuous identity verification before granting network access.                   | Manages all identities, including privileged accounts, focusing on context-aware, risk-based access control.                                                   |
| Primary Security Measure | Just-in-Time (JIT) access, MFA, and privileged session monitoring to prevent privilege abuse.                                                    | Device posture checks, adaptive authentication, and network segmentation to limit lateral movement.                            | [Granular access control](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/granular-access-control) and lifecycle management for user identities, reducing excessive privileges. |
| Application              | Used for securing [privileged credentials](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/privileged-password-management), admin access, and critical IT assets. | Ensures secure remote access to applications and data, even for non-privileged users.                                          | Provides centralized identity management with automated access provisioning and revocation.                                                                    |

![Zero Trust PAM vs. ZTNA vs. PIM](/blog/assets/2025/zero-trust-pam-vs-ztna-vs-pim.webp)

### Zero Trust PAM in Action: Stopping a 2025 Ransomware Attack {#zero-trust-pam-in-action}

Ransomware attacks are becoming more sophisticated, often exploiting privileged access to spread laterally across enterprise networks. Zero Trust PAM (Privileged Access Management) plays a crucial role in preventing these attacks by enforcing strict access controls, continuous authentication, and real-time monitoring. Here’s how Zero Trust PAM makes a difference in stopping a ransomware attack.

#### **_Without Zero Trust PAM_**

- **Standing Privileges:** Admin accounts with permanent, unrestricted access allow attackers to move laterally and encrypt critical data once compromised.
- **Weak Authentication:** A single compromised password provides attackers access to privileged systems without additional verification.
- **Limited Visibility:** Organizations lack [real-time monitoring](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/privileged-session-audit-trail), making it difficult to detect abnormal privileged activity before damage is done.
- **Delayed Response:** Manual security responses allow ransomware to spread rapidly, increasing downtime and data loss.

#### **_With Zero Trust PAM_**

- **Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP):** Just-in-Time (JIT) access ensures privileged accounts are only active when needed, reducing the attack surface.
- **[Adaptive MFA](https://www.miniorange.com/products/adaptive-multi-factor-authentication-mfa):** Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) dynamically adjusts authentication requirements based on user behavior, location, and device security posture.
  Session Monitoring & Threat Detection: Continuous tracking of privileged sessions allows immediate detection of suspicious behavior, triggering automated alerts and response actions.
- **Automated Access Revocation:** If a privileged session shows signs of compromise, Zero Trust PAM can automatically terminate access, preventing lateral movement.

### Zero Trust PAM Tools: What to Look For {#zero-trust-pam-tools}

When selecting a Zero Trust PAM solution, organizations must ensure it includes key security and access control features to protect against modern threats.

#### **1. MFA Integration**

A robust Zero Trust PAM solution should enforce [Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)](https://www.miniorange.com/products/multi-factor-authentication-mfa) for all privileged access requests. This ensures that even if credentials are compromised, unauthorized access is blocked through additional verification layers like biometrics, OTPs, or hardware tokens.

#### **2. Session Recording**

Privileged access should be monitored and recorded in real-time to detect unauthorized activities and maintain an audit trail for compliance. Session recordings allow security teams to replay actions, investigate incidents, and prevent privilege abuse.

#### **3. Behavior Analytics**

Advanced behavioral analytics detect anomalies by continuously analyzing user activity, access patterns, and device posture. If unusual behavior is identified—such as an administrator logging in from an unrecognized location—the system can trigger risk-based authentication, restrict access, or terminate the session automatically.

#### **4. Scalability**

A Zero Trust PAM solution should seamlessly scale with growing IT environments, supporting hybrid cloud, multi-cloud, and on-premises infrastructures. It must integrate with existing identity providers (IdPs), ITSM platforms, and security tools to ensure a flexible and future-proof security posture.

### Take Control of Privileged Access in 2025 {#take-control-of-privileged-access-in-2025}

As cyber threats evolve, privileged access remains a key target. Zero Trust PAM is essential for enforcing least privilege, eliminating standing privileges, and securing critical assets. With MFA, continuous monitoring, behavior analytics, and automated threat response, businesses can proactively block ransomware, insider threats, and credential misuse.

[miniOrange](https://www.miniorange.com/) Zero Trust PAM ensures secure, just-in-time privileged access, adaptive security, and real-time risk mitigation. With seamless integration and advanced automation, miniOrange helps organizations stay ahead of evolving threats while maintaining compliance and operational efficiency.

[![Download PAM buyers guide](/blog/assets/2024/miniorange-pam-buyers.webp)](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/resources/pam-buyers-guide)


Zero Trust PAM is the future of privileged security, ensuring continuous authentication, least privilege access, and real-time monitoring to prevent unauthorized access. In this blog, we explore how Zero Trust PAM strengthens privileged security in 2025.

Zero Trust PAM Explained: Secure Privileged Access in 2025


The **principle of least privilege** enforces strict access controls, allowing users and applications only the essential permissions needed, enhancing security without hindering productivity. **Least privilege access control** minimizes risks by restricting privileged accounts while maintaining seamless operations without IT help desk intervention.

## What is the principle of least privilege (POLP)? {#what-is-the-principle-of-least-privilege}

![what is the principle of least privilege](/blog/assets/2024/what-is-principle-of-least-privilege-polp.webp)

The **Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP)** is a fundamental concept in **least privilege security**, where users, processes, or systems are granted only the minimum access rights necessary to perform their tasks. This targeted access not only reduces attack surfaces and minimizes the risk of a **least privilege security breach**, but it also streamlines access management, leading to cost efficiency by lowering the chances of costly security-related breaches or accidents.

For example, in a corporate setting, an employee in the finance department should only have access to financial data and tools, not to the entire company’s database. This **least privilege access control model** ensures that even if the user's account is compromised, the potential damage is contained, protecting the broader system. Additionally, by granting only necessary permissions, operational efficiency is increased, as users have clear, role-based access to the tools they need, reducing confusion and minimizing errors.

## What is privilege creep? {#what-is-privilege-creep}

Privilege creep occurs when users gradually acquire more access rights than necessary for their current tasks, often violating the **principle of least privilege**. This typically happens when organizations revoke all administrative rights initially but later re-grant privileges to allow users to run essential legacy, homegrown, or commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) applications. Once these elevated privileges are re-granted, they are rarely revoked, leading to an accumulation of excessive access rights.

This excessive access contradicts the **least privilege access principle** and reopens security vulnerabilities, making organizations more susceptible to threats. To address privilege creep, implementing **least privilege access controls** is crucial. By adhering to the least privilege access model, organizations can ensure that users maintain only the minimum access necessary, reducing security risks and enhancing overall protection.

## What is the principle of least privilege in cybersecurity {#what-is-the-principle-of-least-privilege-in-cybersecurity}

![Principle of least privilege in cybersecurity](/blog/assets/2024/principle-of-least-privilege-in-cybersecurity.webp)

The principle of least privilege (PoLP) is a fundamental cybersecurity concept that ensures users, applications, or systems are granted only the minimum level of access necessary to perform their functions. By adhering to this least privilege access principle, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of accidental or intentional misuse of privileges.

Implementing least privilege access control helps to limit access rights, thereby minimizing the potential attack surface and enhancing overall security. A [Privileged Access Management (PAM)](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/) solution automates and streamlines the enforcement of PoLP, making it easier to manage privileges across diverse systems and ensuring that users maintain only the access they truly need. This approach not only fortifies security but also simplifies the administration of access rights, promoting a more secure and efficient IT environment.

## How does the principle of least privilege (PoLP) work? {#how-does-the-principle-of-least-privilege-work}

![How the principle of least privilege works](/blog/assets/2024/how-the-principle-of-least-privilege-works.webp)

The **Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP)** functions by granting users, applications, and systems only the minimum level of access necessary to perform their required tasks. This approach minimizes the risk of unauthorized access to critical systems or sensitive data, as it limits the potential attack surface. By containing compromises to their area of origin, PoLP prevents security breaches from spreading throughout the entire system, thereby elevating the overall security posture.

In comparison to PoLP, **Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA)** operates on the premise of "never trust, always verify." ZTNA ensures that every access request, whether from a user, device, or application, is continuously verified and authenticated before being granted access to the network or specific resources. This model categorizes users and systems based on trust risks, applying different security controls depending on their classification. For example, employees, contractors, and suppliers might each have different access policies based on their associated risk levels.

## PoLP vs. Zero Trust Security: What's the Difference? {#PoLP-vs-Zero-Trust-Security:-What-is-the-Difference?}
While both PoLP and Zero Trust aim to enhance security by limiting access, their approaches differ. PoLP focuses on minimizing access to essential permissions, reducing the risk of unauthorized actions within an organization. **Zero Trust**, on the other hand, goes a step further by continuously validating every access request, regardless of the user's previous trust level. 

These models are not mutually exclusive; in fact, integrating **least privilege access control** within a **Zero Trust** architecture can provide a comprehensive security framework. By combining PoLP's emphasis on minimal access with Zero Trust's ongoing verification process, organizations can significantly enhance their defenses against potential threats.

The **PoLP** limits the number of "keys" (access permissions) distributed within an organization. **Zero Trust** ensures that every time a key is used, it is thoroughly checked and verified.

## Why Is the Principle of Least Privilege Important? {#why-is-the-principle-of-least-privilege-important}
The **Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP)** is a fundamental cybersecurity concept that restricts users, applications, and systems to the minimum level of access necessary to perform their tasks. This approach offers several benefits that enhance organizational security, stability, and compliance.

### Benefits of the Principle of Least Privilege {#benefits-of-the-principle-of-least-privilege}
**1. Better Security:** A notable example is the case of Edward Snowden, who leaked millions of NSA files due to his admin privileges, which far exceeded his actual job requirements. After the incident, the NSA implemented the **principle of least privilege**, revoking elevated access rights from 90% of its employees, significantly reducing the risk of insider threats.

**2. Minimized Attack Surface:** The 2013 Target data breach, where hackers accessed 70 million customer accounts, serves as another case study. The breach occurred through an HVAC contractor who had excessive permissions. By not adhering to PoLP, Target inadvertently created a broad attack surface, which the attackers exploited. Had PoLP been implemented, the access given to the contractor would have been limited, potentially preventing the breach.

**3. Limited Malware Propagation:** Implementing PoLP helps contain malware within the specific area where it first infects a system. By restricting user and system privileges, malware finds it more challenging to propagate throughout the network, thereby minimizing the overall impact of an attack.

**4. Better Stability:** Beyond security, PoLP contributes to system stability by ensuring that any changes or updates are confined to specific zones, limiting the potential for widespread disruption.

**5. Improved Audit Readiness:** Systems built on the **principle of least privilege** are easier to audit, as the scope of the audit is naturally reduced. Moreover, many regulations and compliance standards require PoLP implementation, making it a critical factor in maintaining compliance.

**Lessons Learned**

Organizations like the NSA and Target have shown that failure to implement PoLP can lead to catastrophic security breaches. However, these same organizations have also demonstrated the effectiveness of PoLP when properly applied. The NSA’s drastic reduction in elevated privileges post-Snowden is a testament to the importance of aligning access levels with actual job requirements. Target’s experience underscores the necessity of regularly reviewing and limiting third-party access to essential systems.

## How to Implement PoLP in your organization {#how-to-implement-polp-in-your-organization}

![Steps of implementing the Principle of least privilege organization](/blog/assets/2024/steps-of-Implementing-principle-of-least-privilege-organization.webp)

Implementing the **principle of least privilege** (PoLP) in your organization involves a strategic approach to minimize access rights and enhance security. Here's how to effectively **implement least privilege**:

**1. Discover All Admin and Local Admin Privileges:** Begin by automatically discovering all admin and local admin privileges within your environment. Understanding which employees, devices, and services have privileged accounts is crucial to ensuring compliance with the **principle of least privilege in information security**. This step also helps identify gaps where the **least privilege management** needs to be tightened to prevent a **privilege security breach**.

**2. Inventory All Devices and Software:** Conduct a thorough inventory of all devices and software across your organization. This helps you understand how software is deployed, identify potential risks, and ensure compliance with the **least privilege security principle**. By knowing where software originates, you can better manage trusted vendors and restrict unauthorized installations, aligning with the **least privilege access principle**.

**3. Monitor Privileges and Understand Their Usage:** Before enforcing the **concept of least privilege**, monitor current privileges to see how they are used. Identify which employees actively require elevated access and who may be over-privileged. This understanding allows you to **enforce the least privilege** by replacing unnecessary administrative rights with policies that align with the **least privilege access control** model, ensuring that users maintain only the **least permissions** needed to perform their jobs.

**4. Replace Privileges with Automation Policies:** After auditing your environment, begin reducing privileges for users who no longer require them. For users who still need elevated access, implement automation policies that allow tasks to be elevated on-demand. This approach supports the **least privilege concept** by ensuring that users have the minimum necessary access without becoming over-privileged. By integrating **least-privilege access** with **Privileged Access Management (PAM)** and Application Control, you can effectively manage and secure access across devices, services, and applications, reducing the risk of a **least-privilege security** breach.

## Best Practices and Recommendations {#best-practices-and-recommendations}
Implementing the **principle of least privilege (PoLP)** effectively requires a strategic approach to managing and minimizing access rights within an organization. Here are some best practices to ensure robust **least privilege access** across your systems:

**1. Conduct a Privilege Audit:** Start by auditing all existing accounts, processes, and programs to ensure they only have the permissions necessary for their specific roles. This audit should encompass user accounts, SSH keys, system groups, and hardcoded passwords.

**2. Set Default Access to Minimum:** For all new accounts, start with the minimum necessary privileges. Only grant higher-level access as needed for specific tasks, rather than providing default administrative rights.

**3. Enforce Separation of Privileges:** Differentiate between standard and administrative accounts. Ensure that high-level system functions are kept separate from lower-level operations. This segregation helps reduce the risk of security breaches by limiting access.

**4. Use Just-in-Time (JIT) Privileges:** Implement **just-in-time privileges** to grant elevated access only when needed and for a limited time. This approach minimizes the risk of privilege misuse by eliminating always-on or standing privileges.

**5. Make Individual Actions Traceable:** Implement monitoring, auditing, and user ID systems to ensure all actions can be traced back to individual users. This increases accountability and allows for better oversight of privileged activities.

**6. Regularly Audit Privileges:** Regularly review and update privileges to prevent the accumulation of unnecessary access rights. This ensures that users, accounts, and processes maintain only the permissions they need.

**7. Remove Admin Rights on Endpoints:** By default, assign standard user privileges to all employees. Elevate access only when necessary for specific tasks or applications, and consider removing admin rights entirely from sensitive servers to reduce the attack surface.

**8. Segment Systems and Networks:** Divide your systems and networks into segments based on different levels of trust, needs, and privilege sets. This segmentation limits the potential spread of a breach and enhances security.

**9. Implement One-Time-Use Credentials:** Use password safes to generate one-time passwords for privileged accounts, which are checked out for specific tasks and retired immediately afterward. This reduces the risk of compromised credentials being reused.

**10. Replace Hardcoded Credentials:** Replace static, hardcoded credentials with APIs that retrieve dynamic secrets from secure password safes, especially in DevOps and CI/CD environments.

**11. Extend Least Privilege** Beyond the Perimeter: Apply least privilege access controls not just internally, but also to vendors, contractors, and remote access sessions, ensuring that external users also adhere to strict access limitations.

**12. Analyze and Report on Privileged Access:** Continuously monitor and report on all privileged accounts, including shared admin accounts, service accounts, and cloud accounts. Auditing should capture detailed activities, such as keystrokes and screen actions, to maintain thorough oversight.

## Conclusion {#conclusion}
Implementing the **principle of least privilege (PoLP)** is essential for enhancing your organization's security posture. By restricting access to only what is necessary for each user, application, or system, you can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access, privilege misuse, and security breaches. miniOrange's Privileged Access Management (PAM) solutions automate and streamline the enforcement of PoLP, making it easier to manage and secure privileges across diverse systems. This not only fortifies your defenses but also ensures compliance with industry standards and improves overall operational efficiency. Adopting PoLP with [miniOrange PAM](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/what-is-privileged-access-management-pam/) will help your organization achieve a robust, secure, and well-managed IT environment.

[![Securing Privileged Accounts with PAM](/blog/assets/2024/get-started-with-miniorange-pam.webp)](https://www.miniorange.com/products/privileged-access-management-pam )

Discover how the principle of least privilege enhances security by limiting access to essentials, and learn why least privilege access control is crucial for protection.

What Is the Principle of Least Privilege?


Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP) is a proactive security strategy that focuses on restricting access to sensitive data by removing permanent access rights. This approach ensures that access privileges are granted on a Just-in-Time basis, significantly reducing the risk of data breaches and compliance issues. 

&nbsp;

In this blog, we will dive into the concept of zero-standing privileges,

- Examine how standing privileges arise
- Discuss the implementation of Just-in-Time (JIT) access, and 
- Know more about the ZSP model.

&nbsp;

We will also highlight the potential risks associated with standing privileges, outline the advantages of adopting a zero standing privilege philosophy, and overview of the best practices for integrating ZSP into your security framework. 

## What is Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP)? {#What is Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP)?}

The term Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP) was coined by [Gartner](https://www.gartner.com/en) that define the ideal state for managing privileged access in an organization to reduce the risks of credential theft, misuse of privileges, security breaches, and data loss.

&nbsp;

Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP) is a security concept where no persistent or always-on privileged access rights are granted to any identities or accounts, be it a human or a machine. This approach aims to eliminate standing privileges, operating under the principle that privileges should only be granted on a [Just-in-Time (JIT)](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/just-in-time-privileged-access) basis. 

&nbsp;

ZSP represents the ideal outcome in a [Privileged Access Management (PAM)](https://www.miniorange.in/products/privileged-access-management-pam) model, where continuous authentication and the application of the least privilege are essential. The framework aligns closely with [Zero Trust](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/zero-trust-security-model/) strategies, which advocate for the removal of default, and uninterrupted access privileges and emphasize that no access should be given based on assumed trust.

&nbsp;

Implementing ZSP means that administrative or authorized access is never pre-assigned but is automatically allocated for specific tasks and only for the necessary duration. This method significantly reduces the cyberattack surface by limiting the opportunities for privilege abuse. By ensuring that privileges are securely tailored and short-lived, ZSP helps prevent the collection of access rights that could lead to data breaches, unauthorized data access, and other security violations. This approach enhances security protocols and supports compliance by implementing strict access control standards.


## What is a Just-in-Time Access Model? {#what-is-a-just-in-time-access-model}

The [Just-in-Time (JIT)](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/just-in-time-privileged-access) Access Model is a strategic approach to privilege management that drastically reduces the active window during which privileges are available. Unlike traditional models that grant standing privileges indefinitely, JIT access limits privilege activation to the precise moments they are needed. This targeted allocation minimizes the attack window, significantly enhancing the organization's security structure. By controlling the duration of access, JIT effectively closes the gaps that could potentially be exploited by malicious user activities.

![just in time (jit) access model](/blog/assets/2024/what-is-just-in-time-access.webp)

Implementing a JIT model transforms how administrative privileges are handled. For example, in a standard environment, an administrator might have continuous access throughout the week, 24*7, 7 days a week,  totaling 168 hours. 

&nbsp;

However, with JIT, this access could be restricted to as little as a few hours, or even minutes per week, based on specific tasks and operational requirements. This reduction ensures that access rights are provided dynamically and only as needed. 

## Why are Zero Standing Privileges Important? {#Why are Zero Standing Privileges Important?}

Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP) are increasingly recognized as an essential aspect of modern cybersecurity frameworks, particularly in environments where access rights need to be revised frequently. By adopting ZSP, organizations implement [granular access control](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/granular-access-control), policy-based security controls that provide users with short-term access on a needed basis. 

&nbsp;

This approach not only ensures that access rights are promptly revoked after the completion of a task but also significantly reduces the administrative burden on IT teams who would otherwise spend considerable time on [provisioning and de-provisioning](https://www.miniorange.com/products/user-provisioning) access. Moreover, the limited access granted under ZSP can enhance an organization's eligibility for cyber insurance, potentially lowering the costs associated with recovering from a security breach.

&nbsp;

Another critical advantage of ZSP is its capacity to limit excessive administrative privileges, which are commonly overextended in many IT environments. Administrative users often retain high levels of access, which can pose significant security risks if exploited. By limiting administrative access to only what is necessary for specific tasks and durations, ZSP minimizes the risk of unauthorized activities and potential internal and external threats. Additionally, this model reduces the need for an organization to manage a large volume of passwords, secrets, and keys, thereby simplifying the security infrastructure and further securing the IT environment against breaches and unauthorized access.


### The risks of standing privileges

Let us now have a look at a few of the risks associated with standing privileges 

![Risks of standing privileges according to Gartner](/blog/assets/2024/risks-of-standing-privileges.webp)

1. **Excessive Access Risk**: Standing privileges allow for continuous, unmonitored access to IT resources, making them vulnerable if credentials are compromised, granting attackers unrestricted entry into the system.
2. **Security Issues with Permanent Access**: The necessity to constantly monitor who has access to what, especially in growing IT environments with remote work, demands significant ongoing management and can lead to security oversights.
3. **Increased Risk of Lateral Movement**: Withstanding privileges, attackers can use compromised credentials to move laterally within the network, accessing sensitive areas and escalating privileges, thus amplifying the potential damage from a breach.
4. **Resource Drain in Access Management**: Continuous provisioning and de-provisioning of access for new or departing employees can overextend an organization's resources, increasing the chance of errors that lead to breaches.
5. **Inadequacy of Traditional PAM Solutions**: Traditional [Privileged Access Management solutions](https://www.miniorange.com/pam/) often fail to adequately prevent breaches from compromised credentials, underscoring the need for a Zero Standing Privileges approach to limit access to resources strictly as needed.

## What is Zero Trust vs least privilege? {#what-is-zero-trust-vs-least-privilege}

Zero Trust and the principle of least privilege are two fundamental concepts in cybersecurity that focus on minimizing access risks, but they differ in their approach and emphasis.

&nbsp;

[Zero Trust](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/zero-trust-security-model/) operates on the principle of "never trust, always verify." This means it doesn't automatically trust anything inside or outside its network. Instead, Zero Trust requires verification for every access request regardless of where the request originates or what resource it accesses. It involves continuous authentication and authorization checks to ensure security is maintained throughout a session, not just at the entry point.

![What is the Principle of least privilege? (PoLP)](/blog/assets/2024/principle-of-least-privilege-polp.webp)


[Least Privilege](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/principle-of-least-privilege-polp), on the other hand, is about limiting user access rights to only what is strictly necessary to perform their job functions. It focuses on minimizing the potential damage that could occur if an account is compromised. By providing the minimum level of access required, it reduces the risk and impact of a security breach.

&nbsp;

While Zero Trust encompasses a broader, more holistic approach to network security—constantly questioning the security status of assets and user access—least privilege is more specifically concerned with ensuring users don’t have more access than they need. Both approaches aim to enhance security by controlling access based on user identity and context, but they apply their principles in slightly different ways to protect digital environments.

### Difference between ZSP and PoLP

| Aspect                        | Zero Trust Security (ZTS)                | Principle of Least Privilege (PoLP)           |
|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|
| **Core Principle**            | Never trust, always verify.              | Grant the minimum necessary access.           |
| **Verification**              | Continuous authentication and checks.    | Initial setup of minimal access, adjusted as needed. |
| **Scope**                     | Broad: network, devices, users, data.    | Specific: user and application access.        |
| **Focus**                     | Trust validation at every access.        | Limiting access to minimize risk.             |
| **User Access**               | Dynamic based on risk assessment.        | Static setup, modified as needed.             |
| **Implementation**            | MFA, micro-segmentation, monitoring.     | Role management, access reviews, audits.      |
| **Examples**                  | Multi-checkpoint user verification, secure remote access. | Assigning read-only access to sensitive data.  |



### How does Zero Standing Privileges work?

Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP) is a security approach designed to minimize the risk of excessive or unnecessary access rights within an organization's IT environment to their [Privileged Accounts](https://www.miniorange.com/blog/what-are-privileged-accounts/). 

Here’s how it works step-by-step:

1. **Authentication and Request** : The process begins with a user authenticating themselves in the system. After authentication, the user requests specific access rights or entitlements. These requests are aligned with the principle of least privilege, meaning the user asks only for the access necessary to perform a particular task.
2. **Time-bound Access** : The request includes not only the specific entitlements needed but also the duration for which they are required. This duration should be as short as feasible to minimize risk, as longer access periods can potentially expose the system to greater security threats.
3. **Processing the Request** : After the request is made, it needs to be processed. In simpler or smaller-scale implementations, this might involve a manual approval flow where an assigned approver manually reviews and approves the request. However, for efficiency and to reduce the chance of human error, automating this approval process is recommended where feasible.
4. **Provisioning Access** : Once the request is approved, the system automatically provisions the requested entitlements to the user's federated identity. This means the access rights are temporarily granted to the user for the duration specified.
5. **Performing the Task** : With the entitlements provisioned, the user can then proceed to carry out the necessary tasks or work. The system ensures that access is configured correctly for the duration of the session.
6. **Termination of Access** : After the work is completed, the user either actively ends the session or lets the access rights expire as per the set time limit. The ZSP system then automatically enforces the removal of all the entitlements or roles that were granted temporarily.

This approach effectively reduces the risk of permanent, excessive, or unused privileges within the system, aligning with broader security strategies like Zero Trust by continuously adapting access controls based on ongoing assessments of need and risk.

The user is returned to the default state of zero permissions.

## Explore miniOrange PAM Solution {#explore-miniorange-pam-solution}

miniOrange PAM solution revolutionizes traditional Privileged Access Management by offering seamless and secure control over your organization's critical resources. With miniOrange PAM, you empower your team to grant access precisely when it's needed, enhancing security without compromising on productivity. Our solution utilizes the principles of zero standing privileges and just-in-time access, which minimizes the risk of unauthorized access and significantly reduces the threat of data breaches.

&nbsp;

Start a free 30-day free trial of miniOrange PAM today and experience firsthand how straightforward and effective implementing zero standing privileges and just-in-time access can be.


Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP) minimize risk by eliminating persistent privileged access in IT environments.

What Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP)? Explained


### Current threat of DDoS attacks {#current-threat-ddos-attacks}

Currently, DDoS attacks threaten to take down company network resources (like host machines), and crush the brand image of your company. In today’s fast-paced internet-driven world, server or web application downtimes lead to a tremendous loss of revenue even if they’re for a short period. Even if your developers do manage to get them up and running again, the damage is done. DDoS protection strategies being implemented are not effective enough to handle large-scale attacks. A DDoS attack can be detected when there are sudden spikes in web traffic, which increases the site load time. If from a set of IPs, a lot of connection requests came in a very short time, hints at a potential DDoS attack.

So what is the best way to prevent a DDoS attack?

### The best way to prevent a DDoS attack {#best-way-prevent-ddos-attack}

DDoS (or Distributed Denial of Service) is a business-threatening attack, but there are DDoS prevention methods to mitigate these attacks and build resilience towards them.

The best way to prevent a DDoS attack is by setting up a [Reverse Proxy Server](https://www.miniorange.com/reverse-proxy/). It provides advanced Zero Trust architecture and Security mechanisms to prevent your servers from ever suffering a DDoS attack. It comes with a feature known as Rate Limiting, where you can customize the maximum number of requests over a given time span. You can configure a Rate Limiting DDoS prevention system, according to your business traffic and security rules, or you can take our expert advice as well.

When Rate Limiting is enabled, no traffic will be allowed to reach your proxied site after the set time span. This way any unwanted traffic (or bot traffic) attempting to perform a DDoS attack will be successfully mitigated and complete security will be provided for your websites and applications. If you have an SD-WAN business and are looking to prevent a DDoS attack, SQL injections, or Cross-site Scripting, Rate Limiting guarantees complete end-to-end security for your applications. You can also use a firewall to prevent DDoS attacks with a Reverse Proxy.

![Rate limiting](/blog/assets/2023/rate-limiting.webp)

### Benefits of a Reverse Proxy to prevent DDoS attacks {#benefits-reverse-proxy-ddos-attacks}

Here are the top benefits of using a Reverse Proxy server to prevent any form of DDoS attack.

- A Reverse Proxy provides additional security integrations like IP Restriction, Location Restriction, Device Restriction, and even Time Restriction.
- You can set Traffic Monitoring to check website traffic for each incoming request.
- You can configure user access levels and set Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).
- No need to install any 3rd party software.
- Set custom rules for flexible user flow with top-notch security simultaneously.
- Easy integration with any application that needs to be proxied to provide DDoS protection.

### How does a Reverse Proxy server prevent DDoS attacks? {#how-reverse-proxy-prevent-ddos}

Suppose we have a user named Saul. Saul has enabled Rate Limiting on a Reverse Proxy server to protect all his web applications from DDoS attacks. Here’s how it works in securing his applications.

1. Saul has to enter 2 fields, the number of requests the applications should receive and the time span for the requests.
2. Suppose he enters 1000 requests and the timeout duration is 5 minutes.
3. This means that in total his application can only receive 1000 requests over a period of 5 minutes.
4. If under 5 minutes, the number of requests crosses over 1000 (possible DDoS attack), those requests will be redirected to an error 403 page to show forbidden access.
5. This way, Saul has successfully protected his applications from a DDoS attack and secured his application servers from crashing.

### Conclusion {#conclusion-ddos-prevention}

DDoS attacks across industries are increasing and advancing rapidly. To protect your company from such threats and more, you need to get a Reverse Proxy Server set up, configure a firewall, block the traffic, set Rate Limiting and monitor all requests along with Zero trust Security.

So if you’re looking to get the best DDoS prevention method(system) for your applications, miniOrange Reverse Proxy is the go-to solution with its world-class support at the most affordable and competitive price. We also grant you a feature of the firewall to prevent DDoS attacks within the Reverse Proxy. We provide solutions and prices for all types of companies (B2B or B2C) and across all industry domains with the best DoS and DDoS prevention systems in the market. You can start by registering now from here: [Sign Up Now](https://proxy.miniorange.com/sign-up).

### Additional Resources {#additional-resources}
- [Keycloak Auth Proxy.](https://blog.miniorange.com/reverse-proxy-access-control-for-keycloak-authenticated-users/)
- [G Suite IP Restriction](https://blog.miniorange.com/what-is-gsuite-ip-restriction/)
- [Healthcare CRM SSO.](https://blog.miniorange.com/wordpress-single-sign-on-sso-for-healthcare-crm/)
- [Bot Traffic Attack Mitigation.](https://blog.miniorange.com/secure-cloud-applications-from-bot-traffic/)










DDoS attacks or Distributed Denial of Service attacks are the most common hacking methods used to slow server speeds by flooding them with a surge of requests in a short period. In the worst case scenarios, the servers may crash and the entire system along with the mission-critical applications all shut down causing huge losses to businesses and leading to a decline in customer trust.

Zero Trust

Zero Trust Security Model: Complete Guide to Implementation in 2025

Zero Trust PAM Explained: Secure Privileged Access in 2025

What Is the Principle of Least Privilege?

What Zero Standing Privileges (ZSP)? Explained

What is a DDoS Attack and how can you protect DDoS Attack?